# Publications: NBER Books + WPs NBER PUBLICATIONS: [explore works by Richard B. Freeman](http://www.nber.org/authors/richard_freeman) NBER BOOKS & CHAPTERS: [Explore & download chapters](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters?facet=chapter:book&page=1&perPage=50) - free NBER WORKING PAPERS: [Explore abstracts (free) & download Working Papers (small fee)](https://www.nber.org/papers?page=1&perPage=50&sortBy=public_date) FORTHCOMING [The Work-from-Home Shock to Labor Markets](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/work-home-shock-labor-markets) **editors -** [**Richard Freeman**](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) **&** [**Ina Ganguli**](https://www.nber.org/people/ina_ganguli) BOOK - 2018 [U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy](http://papers.nber.org/books/free12-1), edited by Richard B. Freeman and Hal Salzman ![Engineering Book](/sites/g/files/omnuum5896/files/styles/hwp_1_1__360x360_scale/public/freeman/files/us_engineering_in_global_economy_freeman-salzman_cover.jpg?itok=uS9FdTAT) Since the late 1950s, the U.S. labor market in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) occupations has drawn the attention and concern of eocnomists and public policy experts. U.S. technology leadership has sometimes seemed under threat as the proportion of engineerings declined in the overall labor supply. *U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy* offers fresh quantitative analysis of both demand and supply sides of the engineering job market in the United States and of how it relates to engineering practice and innovation in the global economy. The volume begins with an overview of labor market trends in engineering and goes on to examine the educational patheways of undergraduate engineers and their entry into the labor market, the impact of productivity and innovation of engineers working in firms, and different dimensions of the changing engineering labor market, from licensing to changes in demand and guest worker programs. The volume provides insights on engineering education, practice, and careers that can inform educational institutions, funding agencies, and policy makers about the challenges facing the United States in developing its engineering workforce in the global economy. [**Shared Capitalism at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit and Gain Sharing, and Broad-based Stock Options**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/shared-capitalism-work-employee-ownership-profit-and-gain-sharing-and-broad-based-stock-options) April 14, 2010 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Douglas L. Kruse](https://www.nber.org/people/douglas_kruse), [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) & [Joseph R. Blasi](https://www.nber.org/people/joseph_blasi) The historical relationship between capital and labor has changed radically in the past few decades. One particularly noteworthy development is the rise of shared capitalism, a system in which workers have become partial owners of their firms and thus, in effect, both employees and stockholders.... [**Reforming the Welfare State: Recovery and Beyond in Sweden**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/reforming-welfare-state-recovery-and-beyond-sweden) February 17, 2010 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman), [Birgitta Swedenborg](https://www.nber.org/people/birgitta_swedenborg) & [Robert Topel](https://www.nber.org/people/robert_topel) Over the course of the twentieth century, Sweden carried out one of the most ambitious experiments by a capitalist market economy in developing a large and active welfare state. Swedens generous social programs and the economic equality they fostered became an example for other countries to emulate.... [**International Differences in the Business Practices and Productivity of Firms**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/international-differences-business-practices-and-productivity-firms) September 18, 2009 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) & [Kathryn L. Shaw](https://www.nber.org/people/kathryn_shaw) In recent years, globalization and the expansion of information technologies have reshaped managerial practices, forcing multinational firms to adjust business practices to different environments and domestic companies to adjust to their foreign competitors. In International Differences in the... [**Science and Engineering Careers in the United States: An Analysis of Markets and Employment**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/science-and-engineering-careers-united-states-analysis-markets-and-employment) June 10, 2009 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) & [Daniel Goroff](https://www.nber.org/people/daniel_goroff) ISBN 978-0-226-26189-8 Beginning in the early 2000s, there was an upsurge of national concern over the state of the science and engineering job market that sparked a plethora of studies, commission reports, and a presidential initiative, all stressing the importance of maintaining American competitiveness in these fields. Science and Engineering Careers in the United States is the first major academic study to probe the issues that underlie these concerns. This volume provides new information on the economics of the postgraduate science and engineering job market, addressing such topics as the factors that determine the supply of PhDs, the career paths they follow after graduation, and the creation and use of knowledge as it is reflected by the amount of papers and patents produced. A distinguished team of contributors also explores the tensions between industry and academe in recruiting graduates, the influx of foreign-born doctorates, and the success of female doctorates. Science and Engineering Careers in the United States will raise new questions about stimulating innovation and growth in the American economy. [**Emerging Labor Market Institutions for the Twenty-First Century**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/emerging-labor-market-institutions-twenty-first-century) December 20, 2004 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman), [Joni Hersch](https://www.nber.org/people/joni_hersch) & [Lawrence Mishel](https://www.nber.org/people/lawrence_mishel) Private sector unionism is in decline in the United States. As a result, labor advocates, community groups, nongovernmental organizations, and individuals concerned with the well-being of workers have sought to develop alternative ways to represent workers interests. Emerging Labor Market... [**Seeking a Premier Economy: The Economic Effects of British Economic Reforms, 1980–2000**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/seeking-premier-economy-economic-effects-british-economic-reforms-1980-2000) June 7, 2004 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [David Card](https://www.nber.org/people/david_card), [Richard Blundell](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_blundell) & [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) In the 1980s and 1990s successive United Kingdom governments enacted a series of reforms to establish a more market-oriented economy, closer to the American model and further away from its Western European competitors. Today, the United Kingdom is one of the least regulated economies in the world,... [**Youth Employment and Joblessness in Advanced Countries**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/youth-employment-and-joblessness-advanced-countries) January 1, 2000 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [David G. Blanchflower](https://www.nber.org/people/david_blanchflower) & [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) The economic status of young people has declined significantly over the past two decades, despite a variety of programs designed to aid new workers in the transition from the classroom to the job market. This ongoing problem has proved difficult to explain. Drawing on comparative data from Canada,... [**The Welfare State in Transition: Reforming the Swedish Model**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/welfare-state-transition-reforming-swedish-model) January 1, 1997 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman), [Robert Topel](https://www.nber.org/people/robert_topel) & [Birgitta Swedenborg](https://www.nber.org/people/birgitta_swedenborg) Once heralded in the 1950s and 1960s as a model welfare state, Sweden is now in transition and in trouble since its economic plunge in the early 1990s. This volume presents ten essays that examine Swedens economic problems from a U.S. perspective. Exploring such diverse topics as income equalization... [**Differences and Changes in Wage Structures**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/differences-and-changes-wage-structures) January 1, 1995 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) & [Lawrence F. Katz](https://www.nber.org/people/lawrence_katz) During the past two decades, wages of skilled workers in the United States rose while those of unskilled workers fell; less-educated young men in particular have suffered unprecedented losses in real earnings. These twelve original essays explore whether this trend is unique to the United States or... [**Working Under Different Rules**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/working-under-different-rules) January 1, 1994 - Book - Conference Volume editor - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) Working Under Different Rules assesses the decline in the well-being of American workersevidenced by spiraling income inequality and stagnant real earningsand compares U.S. employment and labor conditions with those of Western Europe, Canada, Japan, and Australia. It analyzes the often complex... [**Small Differences That Matter: Labor Markets and Income Maintenance in Canada and the United States**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/small-differences-matter-labor-markets-and-income-maintenance-canada-and-united-states) January 1, 1993 - Book - Conference Volume authors - [David Card](https://www.nber.org/people/david_card) & [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) This volume, the first in a new series by the NBER that compares labor markets in different countries, examines social and labor market policies in Canada and the United States during the 1980s. It shows that subtle differences in unemployment compensation, unionization, immigration policies, and... [**Immigration and the Work Force: Economic Consequences for the United States and Source Areas**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/immigration-and-work-force-economic-consequences-united-states-and-source-areas) January 1, 1992 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [George J. Borjas](https://www.nber.org/people/george_borjas) & [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) Since the 1970s, the striking increase in immigration to the United States has been accompanied by a marked change in the composition of the immigrant community, with a much higher percentage of foreign-born workers coming from Latin America and Asia and a dramatically lower percentage from Europe.... [**Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/immigration-trade-and-labor-market) January 1, 1991 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [John M. Abowd](https://www.nber.org/people/john_abowd) & [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) Are immigrants squeezing Americans out of the work force? Or is competition with foreign products imported by the United States an even greater danger to those employed in some industries? How do wages and unions fare in foreign-owned firms? And are the medias claims about the number of illegal... [**When Public Sector Workers Unionize**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/when-public-sector-workers-unionize) January 1, 1988 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) & [Casey Ichniowski](https://www.nber.org/people/casey_ichniowski) In the 1980s, public sector unionism has become the most vibrant component of the American labor movement. What does this new "look" of organized labor mean for the economy? Do labor-management relations in the public sector mirror patterns in the private, or do they introduce a novel paradigm onto... [**The Black Youth Employment Crisis**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/black-youth-employment-crisis) January 1, 1986 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) & [Harry J. Holzer](https://www.nber.org/people/harry_holzer) In recent years, the earnings of young blacks have risen substantially relative to those of young whites, but their rates of joblessness have also risen to crisis levels. The papers in this volume, drawing on the results of a groundbreaking survey conducted by the National Bureau of Economic... [**The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Consequences**](https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/youth-labor-market-problem-its-nature-causes-and-consequences) January 1, 1982 - Book - Conference Volume editors - [Richard B. Freeman](https://www.nber.org/people/richard_freeman) & [David A. Wise](https://www.nber.org/people/david_wise) This volume brings together a massive body of research information on an issue of crucial importance to labor economists, policy makers, and society in general: unemployment among the young. The 13 studies detail the ambiguity and inadequacy of our present standard statistics as applied to youth...